So we have seen some of the Vowels of other languages, now let's explore some of the consonants.

We'll start with the Stops not found in our language.  We have /ʈ,ɖ,c,ɟ,q,ɢ/.  The first two, /ʈ,ɖ/ are retroflex which means your tongue is curled up towards your palate.  These are the sounds we associate with people from India when they make <t> and <d> sounds. The next two /c,ɟ/ are palatal stops.  The /c/ is like making a /ç/ ("hy") only a stop, and the other is the voiced form of it. The last two, /q,ɢ/ are uvular which means it's back in the throat back where /k,g/ would be.

Then we have /ɱ,ɳ,ɴ/.  The first one is similar to the <m> in comfort, the <n> in confront or convert.  This is where the teeth touch the lips during a nasal sound. The second is retroflex so it involves for the tongue being curled back.  The last is uvular, just as above.

Then we have /ʙ,ʀ, ɽ/.  The first one, /ʙ/ is a bialabial trill so it is like when we make make ourselves sound like a monkey or a horse.  Think of a sound which involves the lips vibrating but no vowel is made, and you have the right sound.  The second one is uvular and is the French/German <r>.  The last sound, /ɽ/ is a retroflex flap.  Curl the tongue up and flap it quickly.

For the fricatives (we'll skip glottal, Pharyngal, and Uvular).  That said we have /ɸ,β,ʂ,ʐ,ç,ʝ,x,ɣ/  The first two are /ɸ,β/.  It's like saying /p,b/ only continue to let the air through.  The /β/ is the Spanish <v> and sometimes <b>.  Then we have /ʂ,ʐ/ which are the retroflex versions.  Some Mexican dialects have /ʂ/ for /s/ and Chinese pinyin <sh> is a /ʂ/ and some <r>s are /ʐ/.  Curl your tongue up, that's all I need to say about retroflexes.  The we have /ç,ʝ/, the first of which, /ç/ we have in words like humanity (mentioned with the "hy" sound).  The second one is the same thing, only voiced.  The last two are /x,ɣ/.  The /x/ is <ch> in German Bach, Doch, etc, and the <ch> in Scottish loch.  It is like /k/ only continuous.  The second is the voiced form.  It is the greek letter <Γ> otherwise known as Ghamma or /ɣama/. 

Then we have /ɬ,ɮ/.  The first one is the devoiced /l/ which exists in Iceland and Welsh (that I know of so far).  The second I rarely see and wouldn't be able to describe other than a /l/ combined with a /ʒ/ sound.

We have /ʋ,ɻ,ɰ/ next.  The first, /ʋ/ is similar to a w only labiodental.  This is the Dutch <w>.  The second /ɻ/ is a retroflex <r> just like English only with the curled tongue.  The last one is a velar approximate.  It is probably just like /w/ only without the round lips.

Below that is a velar and retroflex <l>.

Some sounds are harder to describe than others.  There are other factors which can go onto sounds.  The next activity will go into detail about those, things like Aspiration and Releasing.